Purpose The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of compositions based on the strains of microorganisms and intended for cow dung processing. Method Cow dung in an amount of 6 kg was placed into fermentation containers. To process the waste, we used microbial compositions. Sampling was performed on the 1st, 5th, 12th, 19th and 29th days. During the experiment, an analysis of microbiological, physicochemical and phytotoxic parameters was carried out. Results The number of micromycetes in the compostable mixture decreased by half compared to the control sample on the 5th day. When treated with microbial compositions at a dose of 25 ml/kg, no Salmonella bacteria was detected in the compostable mixture on the 29th day. In the variants of the experiment with the introduction of microbial compositions, the temperature increased to 45-51°, C in a month after the experiment, the humidity decreased to 69%, and the pH of the compostable mixture was set at a neutral level. It was shown that the amount of total nitrogen increased by 7. 1-38% when treated with microbial compositions. After 29 days in almost all experimental samples with the introduction of a liquid bacterial culture, the rate of germination and seedling emergence exceeded the growth rate of the control sample. Conclusion The possibility is shown to use the given compositions with bacteria of various functional groups as a basis of biological products for the accelerated processing of organic waste, such as cow dung.

Cost-effective dye wastewater treatment approaches are critically required for the long-term sustainability of textile industries. To fill the gaps, multiple high-potential adsorbents derived from biomass have been proposed. For this purpose, this study was conducted to present an applicable and cost-effective biochar synthesized from cow dung to remove methylene blue from the aqueous solutions. The potential of cow dung-based biochar was optimized under various pH, biochar dose, methylene blue concentration, contact time, and temperature. The maximum removal was 96% achieved at optimum conditions, 20 mg/l methylene blue concentration, 0.2 g biochar dose, pH of 6, and 90 min contact time at ambient temperature. The methylene blue adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm (R2=0.9827) and pseudo-second-order (R2=0.999) kinetic models, implying multilayered adsorption on the heterogenous surface and chemisorption mechanism, respectively. Furthermore, the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic due to negative Gibbs free energy (ΔG0) and enthalpy (ΔH0) with the reduction at randomness of methylene blue molecules and adsorbent interaction based on negative entropy (ΔS0). Regarding the high efficiency of cow dung-based biochar to adsorb methylene blue, it is recommended that further investigations consider the biochar activation and functionalization intending to upgrade its adsorption capacity.

In recent years, major issues such as demographic growth, food security, and exploitation of natural resources have raised worries worldwide. To handle these issues and the environment in an eco-friendly manner, a shift has been made from the mere exploitation of natural resources to their recovery and reuse. The production of organic waste is increasing dramatically. Anaerobic digestion (AD) with related biogas production is regarded as a substitute for waste management strategies such as landfilling and incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW). Biogas systems protect air, water, and soil by recycling organic waste into renewable energy and soil products while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The present study aimed to establish a biogas system that involves co-digestion and iron filings. Specifically, it investigated the AD of vegetable waste combined with cow dung and Jatropha seed cake with iron filings. The experiment was conducted over 60 days by four digesters (S1, S2, S3, and S4) containing mixtures of cow dung and vegetable waste (S1), cow dung and Jatropha seed cake (S2), cow dung and vegetable waste with 10 g of iron filings (S3), and cow dung and Jatropha seed cake with 10 g of iron filings (S4). After 60 days, the amount of biogas collected from the digesters S1, S2, S3, and S4 was 172. 9 mL/gVS, 205. 64 mL/gVS, 186. 086 mL/gVS, and 231. 25 mL/gVS, respectively. The sample mixture of digester S4, which contained cow dung and Jatropha seed cake with iron filings, resulted in the maximum yield of biogas production due to the iron additive potential for accepting and donating electrons

Background: Vermicomposting is a biological process which may be a future technology for the management of animal excreta. This study was undertaken to produce vermicompost from cow dung and biogas plant slurry under field conditions. To achieve the objectives, two vermicomposting units containing cow dung (CD) and biogas plant slurry (BPS) were established, inoculated with Eisenia fetida species of earthworm and allowed to be vermicomposted for 3 months.Results: After 3 months, the vermicompost was harvested and characterized. The results showed that the vermicompost had lower pH, total organic carbon (TOC), organic matter (OM) and carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) but higher electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK) content than the raw substrate.The heavy metal content in vermicomposts was higher than raw substrates.Conclusions: During vermicomposting, the CD and BPS were converted into a homogeneous, odourless and stabilized humus-like material. This experiment demonstrates that vermicomposting is an environmentally sustainable method for the management of animal excreta.

The present study has used soil samples from Nigeria, contaminated with Brass crude-oil, to determine its biodegradation through enhanced biostimulation with cow dung and periodic aeration. Over a period of twenty-eight days, the hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria (HUB) and hydrocarbon-utilizing fungi (HUF) have been counted and identified. Results from biodegradation of the brass crude-oil over the aforementioned period show that amended crude-oil-spiked soil has had 54. 82% degradation while for amendment and periodic turning this has been 55. 90%, not significantly higher than the former at p≤ 0. 05. Also degradation of spiked soil without cow dung amendment has been 16. 13%. The identified HUB are Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus thermophillus, with individual occurrence of 18. 52% as well as Proteus vulgaris and Micrococcus luteus with 11. 11% and 14. 81% occurrence, respectively. Also, the occurrence rate of HUF like Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Trichothecium roseum, and Penicillium citrinum have been 15. 63% each; while for Alternaria alternata and Neurospora crazza it has been 6. 25% and for Saccharomyces cerevisae and A. fumigatus, 9. 38% and 3. 13%, respectively. The study concludes that amendment with cow dung and periodic turning of the soil enhance degradation of Brass crude-oil significantly. What is more, aeration by periodic turning slightly improves degradation only with cow dung treatment on Days 21 and 28.